Statistical Methods for Geography
A Student’s Guide

Fifth Edition

Peter A. Rogerson - Arizona State University, USA

Additional resources:

Other Titles in:
Geographical Methodology | Quantitative Methods in Geography | Quantitative/Statistical Research (General)

December 2019 | 432 pages | SAGE Publications Ltd

Statistical Methods for Geography is the essential introduction for geography students looking to fully understand and apply key statistical concepts and techniques. Now in its fifth edition, this text is an accessible statistics ‘101’ focused on student learning, and includes definitions, examples, and exercises throughout. Fully integrated with online self-assessment exercises and video overviews, it explains everything required to get full credits for any undergraduate statistics module.

The fifth edition of this bestselling text includes:

· Coverage of descriptive statistics, probability, inferential statistics, hypothesis testing and sampling, variance, correlation, regression analysis, spatial patterns, spatial data reduction using factor analysis and cluster analysis.

· New examples from physical geography and additional real-world examples.

· Updated in-text and online exercises along with downloadable datasets.

This is the only text you’ll need for undergraduate courses in statistical analysis, statistical methods, and quantitative geography.

1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL METHODS FOR GEOGRAPHY

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The scientific method

1.3 Exploratory and confirmatory approaches in geography

1.4 Probability and statistics

1.5 Descriptive and inferential methods

1.6 The nature of statistical thinking

1.7 Special considerations for spatial data

1.8 The structure of the book

1.9 Datasets

2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

2.1 Types of data

2.2 Visual descriptive methods

2.3 Measures of central tendency

2.4 Measures of variability

2.5 Other numerical measures for describing data

2.6 Descriptive spatial statistics

2.7 Descriptive statistics in SPSS 25 for Windows

Solved exercises

Exercises

3 PROBABILITY AND DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Sample spaces, random variables, and probabilities

3.3 Binomial processes and the binomial distribution

3.4 The geometric distribution

3.5 The Poisson distribution

3.6 The hypergeometric distribution

3.7 Binomial tests in SPSS 25 for Windows

Solved exercises

Exercises

4 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND PROBABILITY MODELS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The uniform or rectangular distribution

4.3 The normal distribution

4.4 The exponential distribution

4.5 Summary of discrete and continuous distributions

4.6 Probability models

Solved exercises

Exercises

5 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, HYPOTHESIS TESTING, AND SAMPLING

5.1 Introduction to inferential statistics

5.2 Confidence intervals

5.3 Hypothesis testing

5.4 Distributions of the random variable and distributions of the test statistic

5.5 Spatial data and the implications of nonindependence

5.6 Further discussion of the effects of deviations from the assumptions

5.7 Sampling

5.8 Some tests for spatial measures of central tendency and variability

5.9 One-sample tests of means in SPSS 25 for Windows

5.10 Two-sample t-tests in SPSS 25 for Windows

Solved exercises

Exercises

6 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Illustrations

6.3 Analysis of variance with two categories

6.4 Testing the assumptions

6.5 Consequences of failure to meet assumptions

6.6 The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test

6.7 The nonparametric median test

6.8 Contrasts

6.9 One-way ANOVA in SPSS 25 for Windows

6.10 One-way ANOVA in Excel

Solved exercises

Exercises

7 CORRELATION

7.1 Introduction and examples of correlation

7.2 More illustrations

7.3 A significance test for r

7.4 The correlation coefficient and sample size

7.5 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

7.6 Additional topics

7.7 Correlation in SPSS 25 for Windows

7.8 Correlation in Excel

Solved exercises

Exercises

8 DATA REDUCTION: FACTOR ANALYSIS AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Factor analysis and principal components analysis

8.3 Cluster analysis

8.4 Data reduction methods in SPSS 25 for Windows

Exercises

9 INTRODUCTION TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fitting a regression line to a set of bivariate data

9.3 Regression in terms of explained and unexplained sums of squares

9.4 Assumptions of regression

9.5 Standard error of the estimate

9.6 Tests for ß

9.7 Illustration: state aid to secondary schools

9.8 Linear versus nonlinear models

9.9 Regression in SPSS 25 for Windows

9.10 Regression in Excel

Solved exercises

Exercises

10 MORE ON REGRESSION

10.1 Multiple regression

10.2 Misspecification error

10.3 Dummy variables

10.4 Multiple regression illustration: species in the Galápagos Islands

10.5 Variable selection

10.6 Regression analysis on component scores

10.7 Categorical dependent variable

10.8 A summary of some problems that can arise in regression analysis

10.9 Multiple and logistic regression in SPSS 25 for Windows

Exercises

11 SPATIAL DATA, SPATIAL PATTERNS, AND SPATIAL REGRESSION

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The analysis of point patterns

11.3 Geographic patterns in areal data

11.4 Local statistics

11.5 Introduction to spatial aspects of regression

11.6 Spatial lag model and neighborhood-based explanatory variables

11.7 Spatial regression: autocorrelated errors

11.8 Geographically weighted regression

11.9 Illustration

11.10 Finding Moran’s I using SPSS 25 for Windows

11.11 Finding Moran’s I using GeoDa

11.12 Spatial Regression with GeoDa 1.4.6

Exercises

EPILOGUE

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED EXERCISES

APPENDIX A: STATISTICAL TABLES

APPENDIX B: MATHEMATICAL CONVENTIONS AND NOTATION

Bibliography

Index

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